ADHD, or Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent patterns of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity that interfere with functioning or development. It is commonly diagnosed in childhood but can continue into adulthood. ADHD can affect various aspects of a person’s life, including academic performance, work, and relationships.
Key Symptoms of ADHD:
- Inattention:
- Difficulty sustaining attention in tasks or play activities.
- Frequent mistakes due to careless errors.
- Difficulty organizing tasks and activities.
- Avoidance or reluctance to engage in tasks requiring sustained mental effort.
- Often losing things necessary for tasks and activities.
- Easily distracted by extraneous stimuli.
- Forgetfulness in daily activities.
- Hyperactivity-Impulsivity:
- Fidgeting with or tapping hands or feet, or squirming in seat.
- Leaving seat in situations where remaining seated is expected.
- Running or climbing in inappropriate situations.
- Inability to play or engage in activities quietly.
- Talking excessively.
- Interrupting or intruding on others (e.g., butting into conversations or games).
- Difficulty waiting for one’s turn.
Diagnosis:
ADHD is diagnosed based on specific criteria outlined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), which includes:
- Symptoms being present for at least six months.
- Symptoms being inappropriate for the person’s developmental level.
- Evidence that symptoms interfere with or reduce the quality of social, academic, or occupational functioning.
- Symptoms being present before age 12.
- Symptoms being present in two or more settings (e.g., home, school, work).
Types of ADHD:
- Predominantly Inattentive Presentation: Characterized primarily by inattention.
- Predominantly Hyperactive-Impulsive Presentation: Characterized primarily by hyperactivity and impulsivity.
- Combined Presentation: Exhibits both inattentive and hyperactive-impulsive symptoms.
Impact and Management:
ADHD can affect various areas of life, including academic performance, work productivity, and social relationships. With appropriate treatment and support, individuals with ADHD can lead successful and fulfilling lives. Early diagnosis and intervention are key to managing symptoms and improving quality of life.